Roy Moore's $8.2 Million Verdict Goes Poof at the Eleventh Circuit

By John R. Byrne

Do you remember Roy Moore? He was the Republican nominee in the special election to fill the Alabama Senate seat Jeff Sessions vacated when he became Attorney General. You may also remember the wave of news coverage reporting allegations that several women had accused Moore of inappropriate sexual conduct when they were young.

Moore later sued a political action committee (Senate Majority PAC) over a political ad that quoted and juxtaposed some of those reports. A jury sided with Moore, finding the ad defamatory and awarding him $8.2 million in compensatory damages.

But Moore will not be collecting a penny. In an opinion issued Friday, the Eleventh Circuit held that the trial court should have granted judgment as a matter of law to Senate Majority PAC. The issue was not simply whether the ad could be read to imply something defamatory (the Court said it could). The problem for Moore was that, because he was a public figure, he had to prove that the PAC acted with “actual malice." The court found the evidence lacking on that front, emphasizing, among other things, that the ad quoted and cited existing news reports and that the PAC had a fact-checking process before publication.

It's just the latest case applying the NY Times v. Sullivan standard, a standard that's come under fire recently from judges in our circuit (both district and appellate). The panel in the case again acknowledged the criticism of the Sullivan standard in a footnote, writing that "unless and until the Supreme Court decides to revisit the actual malice standard, we must continue to apply it."

You can read the opinion here.

Alligator Alcatraz Injunction Vacated

By Jordi C. Martínez-Cid

As a follow-up to the last post about Alligator Alcatraz, the Eleventh Circuit has reversed and remanded the preliminary injunction issued by Judge Williams. Judges Pryor and Brasher were in the majority with Judge Abudu in dissent.

There has been a trend, even in appellate opinion writing, to use simpler, more forceful language. The disssent's conclusion fits right in: "In sum, the majority, under the guise of de novo review, disregards the district court’s well-supported factual findings in favor of its own, thereby blurring in more than just an idiosyncratic way, the important distinction between legal conclusions and factual findings. [...] Therefore, the majority’s decision to vacate the district court’s order is just plain wrong. I dissent."

The full opinion is available at this link.

Judge Eugene Spellman

By John R. Byrne

Today we're featuring the portrait of Judge Eugene Spellman. Like a few of the judges we've featured before, Judge Spellman was a "Double Gator," getting his undergraduate degree from UF in 1953 and his law degree in 1955. Appointed to the federal bench by Jimmy Carter in 1979, he served until 1991 (leaving the bench just a week before his death from cancer at the age of 60). His most historically significant public case appears to be the Haitian-refugee litigation in Louis v. Nelson / Jean v. Nelson, discussed more below.

I don't know much about Judge Spellman, but it's clear that his colleagues must have liked him because the attorney lounge in the Wilkie D. Ferguson courthouse is named after him. 

FBA write up here:

Judge Eugene Spellman was nominated to the district court by President Carter in 1979; he served on the court until 1991. In 1982, Judge Spellman held in Louis v. Nelson, 544 F. Supp. 973 (S.D. Fla. 1982), that a policy by the Immigration and Naturalization Service, which resulted in the detention of Haitian migrants, was unlawful, resulting in the release of hundreds of migrants who had been unlawfully detained. Known for his humor and empathy, Judge Spellman was remembered as follows: “His personal and professional integrity and the intellectual rigor with which he confronted his tasks were beyond reproach.”

Update on Brennan probe

 In an update to John's post below, here is the Legion of Doom the official photo swearing Joe DiGenova in today:

 

JUST IN: Former US Atty for DC Joe diGenova sworn in as a counselor to the attorney general to pursue alleged anti-Trump conspiracy related to 2016 election. Official photo: pic.twitter.com/R7t4MmSEM5

— Josh Gerstein (@joshgerstein) April 20, 2026

Miscellaneous Monday

By John R. Byrne

Our country turns 250 years old on the Fourth of July and, to mark the occasion, Judge Bloom is hosting a National Law Day of Action on May 1 at the Wilkie D. Lawyers will symbolically re-take their oaths during the ceremony. You can RSVP here. Space is limited, so, if you're interested, you should sign up sooner rather than later. Just email Judge Bloom's chambers email, which is included in the link.

The blog proprietor would never post this Politico article himself. But if it were about any other lawyer from our district, we'd be all over it. It’s a fascinating read, with some behind-the-scenes insight into a few of the biggest cases in our district and the country.

Also, some big local news landed late afternoon on Friday. The DOJ probe into ex-CIA director James Brennan over the Trump-Russia investigation is now being helmed by Joseph diGenova. DiGenova is a former Trump attorney and is replacing SDFLA prosecutor Maria Medetis Long. Article here. 

And, in non-legal news, if you've grown up in Miami, there's a good chance you've stepped onto one of those oversized scales in Publix. It's a tradition that sadly may be going away. The company that makes the scales stopped manufacturing them in 2015, and new Publixes are opening without them. Herald covers that here. 

Friday News and Notes

By Jordi C. Martínez-Cid

• The Miami Herald is covering Sean Combs' continued legal fight with the headline: "Diddy’s ‘freak-offs’ were his right as an American, lawyers argue." Not quite as catchy as "Freak-O does not equal RICO" but evocative nonetheless.
• Since the shuttering of Godwhacker’s South Florida Lawyers Blog, there are less posts about cruise line cases. On Monday, however, a jury rendered verdict of $300,000 against Carnival Corporation, a number reportedly above what plaintiff was asking. According to the plaintiff, Carnival served a California nurse 14 tequila shots over an approximately 8.5-hour period. She later suffered a fall and resulting injuries. She was found 40% negligent to Carnival’s 60%. The case is D.S. v. Carnival Corp., no. 1:24-cv-244258-KMW. Carnival intends to appeal.
• Judge Altman was a guest on The Remnant with Jonah Goldberg to discuss his new book: "Israel on Trial: Examining the History, the Evidence, and the Law." I won't spoil it, but the podcast is available online or through Apple podcasts.

Judge Milton Hirsch shows how it's done

 I can't do this Order justice in a short blog post.  I recommend reading the whole thing here.  A quick summary on this incredible opinion:

The Hialeah Police Department ran a reverse sting. They didn't pose as buyers. They posed as sellers, used a paid informant to lure in would-be buyers, then seized the buyers' cash, kept 75 percent for the department, and paid the informant a 25 percent commission. Judge Hirsch's questioning exposed that the undercover detective handed out free cocaine to close deals. Over seven years, once or twice a month. By the judge's own math at the hearing, that's a quarter kilo of cocaine put onto the streets. "You don't know if it ended up in the hands of children?" the judge asked. "Correct," the detective said. The informant, meanwhile, had a rap sheet that included a decade in federal prison for cocaine trafficking, a conviction for conspiracy to export stolen cars to Colombia, and a stint as a fugitive. The detective who supervised him had never run a background check. "Not in depth," he testified. "Not at all," counsel pressed. "No, ma'am. No, ma'am."

Judge Hirsch found two independent due process violations. First, the police committed crimes to make their case. The legislature exempts law enforcement from drug laws for "bona fide law enforcement purposes," but no statute authorizes handing out free cocaine at an IHOP. No police chief, no governor, no president can authorize that. "If the constitutional promise of due process of law does not protect against such governmental outlawry," he wrote, "it is difficult to imagine what it protects against." Second, the informant was paid a 25 percent bounty on every dollar seized. The Florida Supreme Court struck down a 10 percent bounty arrangement in Glosson as a due process violation. This was two and a half times worse. On top of that, two jurors told the court they would hold it against Elysse if he didn't testify. His lawyers left them on the jury anyway. He didn't testify. They convicted him.

The conclusion is worth reading in full. Judge Hirsch opens with Thomas Erskine, one of the giants of the English bar: "Unjust prosecutions lead to the ruin of all governments. Whoever will look back to the history of the world in general, and of our own particular country, will be convinced that exactly as prosecutions have been cruel and oppressive, and maintained by inadequate and unrighteous evidence, in the same proportion, and by the same means, their authors have been destroyed instead of being supported by them." Then comes the line that will be quoted for years: "Jason Elysse may be a villain, but he is a villain possessed of due process rights." He invokes Hamlet — the State, like King Claudius, is "still possessed of those effects for which it violated the law in this case: the conviction and imprisonment of Jason Elysse. 'That cannot be.'" He closes with Justice Kogan's dissent in a Florida Supreme Court case: "Drugs injure some of us. The loss of liberty injures all." Motion granted.

Here's some of Judge Hirsch's questioning of the police officer (you really missed out if you didn't see Judge Hirsch in action as a lawyer):

BY THE COURT:

Now, you are in narcotics, you said, for seven years?

A:

Correct.

BY THE COURT:

Do I understand you – you tell me. During that seven-year period, you regularly – with some regularity engaged in reverse stings, is that correct?

A:

Correct.

BY THE COURT:

Throughout the seven-year period?

A:

Correct.

BY THE COURT:

And in connection with each of them, you were – as part of playing your role of a drug dealer, you – you gave sample cocaine away.

A:

Yes, I did, sir.

BY THE COURT:

Over the seven-year period, if we said once to twice a month, on average, is that a fair ballpark average?

A:

Yeah.

BY THE COURT:

You tell me.

A:

Yes, sir.

BY THE COURT:

Okay. So if we give out one to two grams of coke one to two times a month, say, eighteen grams – eighteen times would times one to two grams, so between a hundred and twenty-six and two hundred and fifty-two grams over a seven-year period. Would that be correct?

 

BY THE COURT:

So if we say two – a hundred and twenty-six to two hundred and fifty-two – two hundred and fifty would be a quarter of a kilo, correct?

A:

Yes.

BY THE COURT:

So in the seven years you were there, you – you may have given out a quarter of a kilo in cocaine?

A:

Fair – fair to say.

BY THE COURT:

Once you gave it away, there was no way to know what happened to it?

A:

Correct.

BY THE COURT:

You don’t know if the person you gave it to used it?

A:

Correct.

BY THE COURT:

You don’t know if he sold it?

A:

Correct.

BY THE COURT:

You don’t know if he gave it away?

A:

Correct.

BY THE COURT:

You don’t know if it ended up in the hands of children?

A:

Correct.

BY THE COURT:

You made no effort to find out?

A:

Correct.

BY THE COURT:

There was no way to find out?

A:

No, no way.

BY THE COURT:

It was just a risk you took as part of doing this business?

A:

Yes, sir.

Judge Scola's Next Chapter

By John R. Byrne

Judge Scola has only been retired a few months, and we already miss him. But I have some exciting news. The civil lawyers out there will soon be able to get some more Judge Scola in their lives. Beginning in May, the retired judge will be joining the law firm of Coffey Burlington with a focus on alternative dispute resolution. He's going to be a mediator. 

I think Judge Scola is going to be great at this. As a trial judge, he was exceedingly pragmatic and had a knack for cutting to the heart of an issue. Now, he can use those talents to knock some sense into civil lawyers and their clients and get deals done. 

He's not on the website yet but I'm sure he's going to be in high demand once he is. Keep him in mind for your future cases!

Trump v. The Wall Street Journal

By John R. Byrne

We’ve had a string of high-profile defamation cases in our district of late. Many had connections to President Trump. We had Trump v. ABC News and George Stephanopoulos (ultimately settled by the defendants for $15 M). And Dershowitz v. CNN over CNN’s coverage of Dershowitz’s Trump-related comments (dismissed by Judge Singhal with a cert petition now pending). Now we have Trump v. the Wall Street Journal. Or had. Judge Gayles dismissed Trump’s lawsuit yesterday. The lawsuit was over the journal’s story claiming that Trump sent Jeffrey Epstein a birthday message inside the outline of a nude woman with Mr. Trump's signature underneath. Trump dismissed the story as "FAKE" and filed a $20 billion lawsuit against the paper and others.

But the case doesn’t appear over just set. A rep for the President commented that the President "will follow Judge Gayles's ruling and guidance to refile this powerhouse lawsuit against the Wall Street Journal and all of the other Defendants."

Looks like our district will have yet another opportunity to apply the defamation standard set out in NY Times v. Sullivan. The bigger question is whether the long-standing precedent will soon go from endangered to extinct.

CBS news covers the story here and links to Judge Gayles’s order.

Meet Judge Artau Event

By John R. Byrne

Though he may not be for much longer, as of today, Judge Artau is still our newest federal judge. And Thursday, the Miami chapter of the Federal Bar Association hosted its "Meet Judge Artau" event. Judge Singhal asked the questions, and we got to learn a few things about the judge. Most notably for the trial lawyers out there, Judge Artau gives 30 minutes for voir dire! That’s 30 minutes for each side, to be clear. Judge Artau was also asked whether, during his lawyer days, he appeared before any judges that he admired or may want to emulate as a judge. He mentioned Judge Moreno, noting that he had tried a case in front of him and that his sense of humor helped keep things light.

We also got some bonus info about Judge Singhal. While attending Rice University, he hosted a classic rock radio show.

Special guests at the lunch included several state court judges (Judge Norma Lindsay of the Third DCA and Judge Mark Klingensmith of the Fourth DCA) and federal judges (Judge Gayles, Judge Huck, and Judge Wendy Berger from the Middle District of Florida).

Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?

The New York Times has a very interesting investigative report here on the long standing mystery -- who is the founder of bitcoin?  

I know the article is a little off-topic but it got me thinking about proof and what it means to prove something.  Read the piece and let me know whether you think the author proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Satoshi is Adam Back.  

Here's the lede:

One evening in the fall of 2024, my wife and I were sitting in traffic on the Long Island Expressway when, tired of listening to the jazz-funk station I often played on our drives, she switched to a podcast.

It was “Hard Fork,” the New York Times tech show, and the hosts were discussing a new HBO documentary claiming to have unmasked Bitcoin’s pseudonymous inventor, Satoshi Nakamoto.

I was instantly riveted. I had long considered the question of Satoshi’s true identity one of our age’s great enigmas and had poked at it before without success. Two years earlier, I had even spent several months researching a book on the subject. But I soon realized I was out of my depth and reluctantly gave up.

Hearing that someone else might have finally identified the shadowy figure who had revolutionized finance, spawned a $2.4 trillion industry and amassed one of the world’s biggest fortunes in one stroke of staggering genius aroused in me a mixture of admiration and envy. I couldn’t wait to watch the film. As soon as we got home that night, I logged in to the HBO Max app and pressed play.

In the end, I found the conclusion of “Money Electric: The Bitcoin Mystery” unconvincing: HBO singled out a Canadian software developer based on what seemed like very thin evidence. But as I watched what was an otherwise entertaining romp through the world of crypto, one scene caught my attention.

Adam Back, a British cryptographer and leading figure in the Bitcoin movement, sat on a park bench in Riga, Latvia, his shirt untucked under a brown coat. The filmmaker casually rattled off the names of several Satoshi suspects. At the mention of his own name, Mr. Back tensed up, strenuously denied he was Satoshi and asked that the conversation be kept off the record.

Having encountered my share of liars and developed something of an expertise in their tells, Mr. Back’s demeanor — his shifty eyes, his awkward chuckle, the jerky movement of his left hand — struck me as fishy. When the credits rolled up, I replayed the sequence several times on my TV.

Appellate Argument on Alligator Alcatraz Injunction

By Jordi C. Martínez-Cid

On Tuesday, an Eleventh Circuit panel consisting of Chief Judge Pryor, Judge Brasher, and Judge Abudu heard oral argument on the so-called “Alligator Alcatraz” case. Jesse Panuccio argued for the State of Florida, Adam Gustafson argued for the Federal Government, Paul Schwiep argued for the environmental groups, and Elliot Kula argued for the Miccosukee Tribe.

The panel focused on whether the federal government’s involvement with the immigrant detention facility was sufficient to trigger the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The appeal challenges a preliminary injunction issued by Judge Williams in August that effectively required the temporary shutdown of the facility pending environmental review.

Mr. Panuccio and Mr. Gustafson emphasized that the detention site is state-owned, state-built, and state-controlled and thus the injunction incorrectly held that Florida was subject to NEPA and incorrectly limited state action. Mr. Schwiep countered that the facility exists solely to serve a federal immigration function and would not exist “but for” federal enforcement needs. In the appellees' view, Florida effectively outsourced federal immigration detention, making federal law applicable despite nominal state ownership or control. Mr. Kula emphasized the robust findings of fact made by Judge Williams which he argued are entitled to discretion.

It was an interesting issue and well argued. The full oral argument is available at this link. The case is Friends of the Everglades, Inc. v. Secretary of the United States, case number 25-12873.

Reprehensible Conduct

By John R. Byrne

Curious about what level of racial discrimination will give rise to a punitive damages award? Look no further than the Eleventh Circuit's recent decision in Faulk v. Dimerco Express USA Corp. The jury awarded Faulk $390,000 in compensatory damages and a whopping $3,000,000 in punitive damages for Dimerco withdrawing his job offer when Dimerco's president, Herbert Liou, discovered Faulk was black. But there was more to it than just the withdrawal of the offer.

• When Liou was interviewing for the president position with the company's founder, one of his proposals was “[h]iring Caucasian Sales & Marketing Manager/VP in LAX/NYC respectively";
• At trial, Liou testified that Dimerco needed “Caucasian” managers to “attract the Caucasian market";
• At trial, another Dimerco employee testified that Liou told her that "his preference was “Caucasian, young, white men” because “they were . . . work horses";
• Later, that same Dimerco employee emailed Liou, noting that “it’s discriminating to search for [a] candidate based on race." Liou's proposed response, which he actually sent to the company's director of compliance for review, was that Dimerco "is focusing on [the] Caucasian Market." The director's response to Liou (which proved somewhat prescient): "[i]f [you] put[] in writing that you want a specific race . . . , [b]oth you and the company are guilty of discrimination and if we ever get a legal complaint, these emails will result in a guilty verdict and large damage award.” 

Writing for the Court, Judge Pryor described Dimerco's conduct as "reprehensible" and affirmed the punitive damages award, reasoning that it wasn't constitutionally excessive.

The opinion is also worth a read for how the district judge (and later the Eleventh) handled inappropriate arguments made by Faulk's attorney during opening and closing. The district judge, Judge Michael Lawrence Brown out of Northern District of Georgia, reprimanded the attorney in real time but didn't issue a requested curative instruction or grant a new trial. The Eleventh Circuit held the trial judge acted within his discretion. That seems right. I feel like curative instructions can sometimes make matters worse in the "don't think of a pink elephant" sense. Opinion here. 

Yeney Hernandez sworn in, Guest Post by Lindsey Lazopoulos Friedman

Yeney Hernandez sworn in, Guest Post by Lindsey Lazopoulos Friedman

photo by Jon Kobrinski
 

Congratulations to Yeney Hernandez on being sworn in as the Southern District’s newest United States Magistrate! Chief Judge Altonaga swore Judge Hernandez in this morning, where Judge Hernandez wore a robe that,  as Judge Lauren Louis explained, has been passed down from Judge Seitz to each newly invested female Judge in the Southern District as a symbol of their embrace and support. 

 

Ed Stamm, Assistant U.S. Attorney and Acting Chief of Public Corruption, talked about Judge Hernandez’s many contributions to the U.S. Attorney’s Office, and how she did so with humility and integrity, the gold standard of public service. Judge Hernandez’s husband AUSA Jason Wu, spoke how about hard she works behind the scenes, how committed she is to justice, and how she always strove to show fairness to victims and defendants alike. 

 

I also spoke, and like the other speakers, couldn't help but notice how much Judge Hernandez embodies the American Dream. Judge Hernandez and her family escaped communist Cuba and spent months - including her 7th birthday - at Guantanamo Bay, making their way to the United States. Her father, formerly a doctor in Cuba, become a truck driver in Miami and her mom worked two jobs to make ends meet. Judge Hernandez fondly remembered her mother leaving chocolates (Ferrero Rocher) after coming home from her Saturday night shift for Judge Hernandez to find when she woke up. Judge Hernandez would go on to attend Duke (as a double major), followed by Yale Law School (where she served as an editor on two journals), followed by a clerkship on the Sixth Circuit and several years at a prestigious law firm before spending over ten years at the U.S. Attorney’s Office. 

 

Judge Hernandez also spoke, paying homage to her parents and recognizing and thanking them for their dedication and sacrifices. She also affirmed her commitment to the Constitution and Oath of Office, and thanked the community for their contribution to her own great achievement. She looks forward to hitting the ground running, and Judge Altonaga looks forward to it too! 

Friday News & Notes

 By John R. Byrne

A few items of interest. 

1. Two big trials--the David Rivera trial (before Judge Damian) and trial of the men accused of assassinating Haitian president Jovenel Moïse (before Judge Becerra) will continue into next week. An opportunity to witness high-quality lawyering in high-profile cases.

2. How about the Harris County, Texas judge going viral for how he treated a court IT worker? Kudos to the IT worker for keeping his cool. And it doesn't appear that the judge just had a single bad moment. The article also shows a clip of him threatening to handcuff a lawyer for making an argument. Next time you have a bad day in court, remember that things could always be worse. You could be in Harris County!

3. The Jewish American Heritage Month event will be held at the Wilkie D. on May 5. Judge Leibowitz is moderating a discussion with Alyza Lewin (President of U.S. Affairs for Combat Antisemitism Movement) and Dr. Keren Yarhi-Milo (Dean of Columbia University School of International & Public Affairs).

Details on RSVP'ing below.

4. Happy Easter and Happy Passover to those who celebrate. 

United States v. Florida

By Jordi C. Martínez-Cid

Yesterday the Eleventh Circuit issued an opinion, authored by Judge Jordan, generally upholding Judge Middlebrooks' trial rulings and broad permanent injunction in favor of the Federal Government. Judge Middlebrooks essentially found that Florida’s Medicaid Agency violates Title II of the American with Disabilities Act ("ADA") by unnecessarily institutionalizing children with medical needs and placing others at a serious risk of institutionalization. Judge Brasher dissented, arguing that the serious risk identified by the trial court does not constitue a concrete violation of the ADA. Interestingly, Judge Brasher concludes that "It seems likely to me that, somewhere in Florida, there is a child with serious medical needs who has a strong Olmstead claim" but that the majority's opinion does not vindicate that child's rights and does not necessarily prevent the harm in the future. The opinion and dissent can be found here.

Breaking -- Judge Jeffrey Kuntz nominated to SDFLA.

From DJT's Truth Social post:

It is my Great Honor to nominate Jeffrey Kuntz to serve as Judge on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. As the Highly Respected Chief Judge of Florida’s Fourth District Court of Appeal, Jeffrey has been TOUGH and SMART, and delivered strong results for the Sunshine State. A proud graduate of Boston College, who earned his J.D. at Suffolk University Law School, Jeffrey has demonstrated his commitment to the Rule of Law throughout his career. He will always defend our Great Constitution, and put our Country, FIRST. Congratulations Jeffrey!

Making History

By John R. Byrne

Yesterday, the Court hosted its first ever Women's History Month event, and it didn't disappoint. Judge Williams moderated a discussion with the panelists. A recurring theme was that the panelists grew up in families with strong women who encouraged them to pursue their dreams. 

A nice moment was when the panelists were asked about female lawyers or judges who had inspired them. Judge Becerra said that, though she had aspired to be a judge when she was a young lawyer, it took her seeing someone with a background like hers reach the bench to believe her dream was attainable. That judge? Her fellow panelist, Chief Judge Altonaga.

Of all the panelists, former judge Rosemary Barkett seemed to have the most fun (and delivered some great laugh lines).

Pictured from left to right: Rosemary Barkett, Magistrate Judge Detra Shaw-Wilder, Chief Judge Altonaga, Tiffani Lee of Holland & Knight, Judge Kathleen Williams, Judge Robin Rosenbaum, and Judge Jaqueline Becerra.

Looking to Hire a Federal Law Clerk?

By John R. Byrne

As more and more national law firms open up shops in Miami, the market for hiring federal law clerks is more competitive than ever. If only there was a convenient place where said law clerks might congregate one evening to be pitched by prospective employers. Wait--there is! Each year, the Federal Bar Association puts on a Law Clerk Reception. This year, it's being held on April 16, 2026 at the Gunster law firm in Fort Lauderdale between 6 and 8 p.m. More details here.

Tom Goldstein moves for JOA

The federal criminal justice system is so messed up -- there are no motions for summary judgment.  There are no depos.  So if you want to get rulings about the validity of a case, you pretty much have to go to trial and risk a sentence 5x as long as if you plead.  It's so wrong in so many ways.  

This leads us to SCOTUSblogger's Tom Goldstein's motion for judgment of acquittal.  Bloomberg covers it here:

Tom Goldstein, the US Supreme Court advocate and ultra high-stakes poker player convicted of tax and loan-related offenses in late February, is asking the judge who presided over the six-week trial to toss the jury’s verdict.

Goldstein’s motion for acquittal or, in the alternative, a new trial challenges, among other things, the court’s jury instructions on accessory liability and willful blindness. It was filed Monday in the US District Court for the District of Maryland.

The error in the instructions on accessory liability alone requires a retrial on every every count, Goldstein claims. General “charging instructions” failed to advise the jury that aiding and abetting liability required finding another guilty principal; willful conduct by Goldstein; and an affirmative act, not merely an omission, the motion says.

The instructions also failed to advise the jury that finding him guilty for causing “an act that would be an offense if directly performed by him or another” required it to find that Goldstein intended that the substantive offenses be committed.

Further, Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby granted the government’s request to eliminate the accessory instructions detailing aiding and abetting requirements after the parties delivered their closing arguments. It’s a violation of a procedural rule that Goldstein says was “undoubtedly prejudicial” in this case.

Doing so “changed accessory liability from essentially a non-issue in the case to a serious basis on which to convict,” the motion argues. If defense counsel had known the jury would be permitted to find accessory liability without finding that some other principal committed every element of the substantive offense, they would have taken the issue on at closing, the motion said.